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galaxies once were regarded as Island

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universes isolated realms of gas dust

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and billions of stars that were

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separated by distances unimaginably fast

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but no galaxy is an island in fact

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galaxies prefer company the

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gravitational pull of a large massive

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galaxy attracts like sized and smaller

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neighbors galaxies may gather and modest

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groupings like these or congregate by

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the hundreds in enormous clusters this

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is a Bill 1689 one of the largest galaxy

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clusters known this view spans some two

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million light-years or about the

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distance between our Milky Way galaxy

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and the nearest big spiral into the

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space Abell 1689 packs more than 500

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galaxies as astronomers mapped nearby

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galaxy clusters a more complete picture

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of cosmic structure emerged galaxy

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clusters gather in super clusters and

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overlapping super clusters form chains

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and filaments spanning huge swaths of

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the sky welcome to the cosmic web this

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all-sky map shows structures created by

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more than a million nearby galaxies

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deeper studies show that this pattern

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continues to even greater distances the

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cosmic web appears to be the backbone of

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our universe the universe came into

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being 13.7 billion years ago about four

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hundred thousand years later it had

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cooled enough to form the first animals

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the event created a sudden

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like that astronomers now measure as the

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Cosmic Microwave Background

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but then the universe went dark

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for millions of years eventually

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hydrogen gas cooled enough to collapse

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and form the first stars these stars not

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only really manator the universe they

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became the seeds of all future cosmic

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structure the James Webb Space Telescope

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may be able to see clusters of these

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first stars it may even catch a few of

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them dying in supernova explosions

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either the first stars or their progeny

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gathered into the first galaxies these

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were small gas rich dwarfs nothing as

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grand as the big galaxies we see today

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but they were the building blocks of

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modern galaxies

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as the dwarf galaxies form collide and

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merge into bigger galaxies the cosmic

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web begins to take shape with the James

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Webb Space Telescope astronomers will

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glimpse the earliest phases of